| | Big Bang Cosmology: Science or Science Fiction?
A recent decision by the Kansas City school board to include the teaching of Intelligent Design theory in their science curriculum has made headline news around the country. Critics of the theory are opposed to this action, claiming that Intelligent Design theory is not science, and has no place in science classrooms. One of the reasons cited as to why the theory is not science, is that science, by its very definition, must be testable and it must be falsifiable. Intelligent Design theorists have presented observable evidence from relevant fields such as biochemistry and astronomy. But still critics of the theory say it should not be taught in science classes because despite the evidence for an intelligence at work, the theory cannot be reproduced in a laboratory. Therefore it fails to meet two essential scientific criteria. Science must be 1) testable, and 2) falsifiable. And although the physical evidence which points to a designer is observable, critics argue that this supposed designer is both unobservable and therefore, untestable. Many religious groups, especially christian fundamentalists, have hijacked the theory as their own, asserting that the intelligent designer is none other than the Judeo-Christian God of the Bible. However, the theory itself makes no assertions about the identity of the designer. Whether it is a deity or a race of super-advanced extra-terrestrial beings is irrelevant to the theory itself, which simply demonstrates that natural, evolutionary processes are inadequate to explain the specified complexity of living organisms.
I find this controversy amusing in light of the theory that is currently being taught in science classrooms across America: Big Bang theory. According to this theory, the universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago, and has been slowly expanding ever since.

This dense and hot state is what cosmolosgists now refer to as a gravitational singularity. The singularity is an object that challenges so many ideas in physics (such as the idea of mass without volume) that is is described as unphysical (i.e. it cannot really exist under present assumptions about physical science). It is generally assumed that a theory of quantum gravity - a theory that unifies general relativity with quantum mechanics - will provide a better description of what actually occurs where general relativity predicts a singularity. However, as of 2005, no theory of quantum gravity has been experimentally confirmed.
According to Big Bang theory, neither time, nor mattter, nor energy existed prior to the Big Bang. Yet, the Big Bang theory assumes an original concentration of energy. Where did this energy come from? Astronomers sometimes speak of origin from a "quantum mechanical fluctuation within a vacuum." However, an energy source is still needed. What was this energy source that was the catalyst for the quantum fluctuation? No one knows.
Big bang theory also rests upon the equally magical concepts of cosmic inflation (an assumed early rapid expansion) and "dark matter," the belief that more than 90 per cent of the universe’s mass is made up of a mysterious, unobservable and unknown substance. The need for dark matter comes from observations of apparently anomalous speeds of stars in outer arms of some spiral galaxies (rotation curves). Dark matter is also required to hold the galaxies together during all the supposed time the universe has existed. Even more mysterious than dark matter is "dark energy." The need for the dark energy has been invoked as a way to explain the acceleration of distant galaxies which has long been a problem for Big Bang theorists. In high school I was taught that Big Bang was what caused the universe, and that was that. However, after doing some futher research, I have come to agree with physics professor Jeffrey Burbidge's assertion:
"Big bang cosmology is probably as widely believed as has been any theory of the universe in the history of Western civilization. It rests, however, on many untested, and in many cases, untestable assumptions."
This of course begs the question: So why teach it in science classrooms? Why teach a theory about the origins of the universe which rests upon incredible and hypothetical speculations about ad hoc theories such as dark matter, inflation, and singularities? Yet, the same critics who object to the teaching of Intelligent Design theory in science classrooms have remained strangely silent about the teaching of the Big Bang theory. If we are to ban all scientific theories from the science classrooms which are not testable and are not falsifiable, then perhaps we should take a closer look at the cosmological theories we are currently teaching, and realize that no cosmological theory concerning the origins of the universe is testable, and certainly none can be recreated in a laboratory. Recreating the Big Bang in a laboratory, would first require that we knew the precise conditions that existed prior to the formation of the singularity. Yet, we don't even have a clue as to what caused the singularity which in turn caused the Big Bang in the first place. Why can we not admit that any theory concerning origins is really nothing more than a hypothetical 'best guess', that is not within the grasp of science? The Big Bang theory is where science becomes science fiction. So the choice is clear: either teach both Big Bang and I.D. theory in science classes or teach neither. For that matter, since there is such a fine line between sceince and philosophy in the first place, why not just combine the two and teach a Philosophy of Science class? |